Basic Education in Ghana: History, Management and Challenges

Abstract

Universal access to quality basic education is a key global developmental issue. This is confirmed by interventions like Education for All (EFA) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDG's). However, despite the efforts being made by government of Ghana and stakeholders in education to promote basic education, it remains an elusive goal.  This paper focuses on basic education in Ghana, which was introduced by European merchants and sustained by European missionaries, colonial and post-colonial governments, but continues to face challenges under the current Ghanaian educational system.  A qualitative research paradigm was adopted, using the historical research design. Data were collected using interviews and content analysis of educational policy documents.  The study revealed that basic education in Ghana continues to enjoy the support of government and other non-governmental agencies.  As a result, the sector has achieved a lot of success by giving children increased access to basic education and retaining them in school, due to various policy interventions provided by government and non-governmental agencies.  However, in spite of the achievements, there are a number of challenges facing basic education in Ghana, which are institutional, cultural and social in nature.  The study commends the private sector participation in education in Ghana and recommends that NGO's, civil society groups, philanthropic organizations and individuals continue to complement government efforts towards the delivery of basic education.  This will help the nation to work towards the achievement of Millennium Development Goals 1, 2 and 3, which seek to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; achieve universal primary education; and promote gender equality and women's empowerment respectively.