Antimicrobial Efficacy of Jatropha Curcas Linn and Nicotiana Tabacum Linn against Microorganisms from Wounds of Diabetic Patients

Abstract

This study was designed to determine the antimicrobial efficacy of Jatropha curcas Linnand Nicotiana tabacum Linn against microorganisms from wounds of diabetic patients in Ondo State, Nigeria. A total of 454 wound swab samples collected from diabetic patients admitted at some government hospitals, the types and loads of microorganisms isolated from the samples were determined using growth-dependent and molecular methods. The antimicrobial sensitivity profile of isolates from wound swabs was evaluated against standard antibiotics using disc diffusion method. Thereafter, the antimicrobial efficacy of the plant extracts against isolates that showed multiple antibiotic resistance was determined using agar well diffusion technique. The molecular characteristics of some antibiotic resistant bacteria isolated were identified by extracting the Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) through the CTAB (Cetyltrimethyl Ammonium Bromide) method. DNA quality was checked using gel electrophoresis after which the DNA was amplified using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and the purified DNA was sequenced.  Extracts were prepared from the different parts' of  N. tabacum Linni and J. curcas Linniusing cold water, hot water, ethanol and n-Hexane as the extraction solvents, at concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100% (w/v). Conventional laboratory culture method revealed nine (9) bacterial isolates including; Bacillus, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Micrococcus, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus and two (2) fungal isolates of Candida and Saccharomyces. Whereas,  molecular techniques revealed the identity of eleven (11) bacteria including the species of Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus andfive (5) fungal genera viz; Candida, Neurospora and Saccharomyce. Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginos, Candida dubliniensis, Saccharomyces rouxii and Candida albicans were the most frequently isolated organisms from the wound samples. The extracts were found to induce remarkable antimicrobial potential against the test organisms, most especially the hot water and ethanolic extracts with varying ranges of inhibition against the isolates. Proteus vulgaris and Escherichia coliwere most susceptible to 75% of ethanolicextracts, J. curcasLinniat 75% ethanolic root extracts with 12.50±0.00mmand 12.50±0.33mm diameter of the zones of inhibition. Ethanolic leaf extracts of J. curcas Linniat 75% concentration was most effective against P. aeruginosa with 12.00±0.33mm diameter of thezone of inhibition, whereas P. aeruginosa was least susceptible at 75% n-Hexane extracts with 3.50±0.00mmdiameter of the zone of inhibition.  Ethanol rated best as the extraction solvent, followed by hot water, n- Hexane and cold water in that order. Generally the antimicrobial potential of the extracts increased with a corresponding increase in extract concentration. Antimicrobial efficacy of the extracts of N. tabacum Linnand J. curcas Linn evaluated in this study had been proven to be well effective andprovided useful information on the importance of N. tabacum Linnand J. curcas Linnas a promising candidate in phytomedicine and to serve as a preventive therapy against the microbial effects in wounds treatment with the view of making it a source ofnatural product or as a basis for the development of new drugs in phytomedicine.